The Gutenberg Press | 1450 AD"

What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with?with inventing the technology of printing with moveable type 
Post a photo of the Gutenberg Press.

How did the printing press work?
ink was rilled over the raised surface of moveable hand set block letters held within a wooden form form was pressed against a sheet of paper
What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books?
spending time with his father at the mint watching goldsmith and jewelers his love for reading
Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type?woodcuts were not durable they would split after repeated use new blocks had to be carved for each new impression 
Post an example of movable type in a type case.

What is moveable type?
the system of printing that users moveable components reproduce the element of a document
What is a matrix?
hard metal punch is hammered into a softer copper bar
What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press?
oil based ink
What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?
wood pulp 105 AD in china
What is a "substrate"?
a part
Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press? Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened? 
peter Schoffer he sold a bible that was way cheaper than usual 
What was the first book he printed?Post an example of this book.
the bible 
How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?built a press completly from cast iron.
Post an example of a 1930s printing press.

• perfected script and made it easier to read
• books made more rapidly
• current information could be shared locally and around the world.
• book trade began to flourish, as well as industries such as papermaking.
• economies became stronger.
• Art and science began to fourish which led to the beginning of the renaissance.

Who introduced the printing press to England?
William Caxton
What was the early form of newspapers?
trade newsletters
When was the first news weekly published? What was it called?
1704, the Boston Letter

What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s?
By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. 


What is meant by "impression"?presses made
Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process?Relief Printing: movable type is placed into the press. ink is spread onto the type. paper in pladed on top. the press applies the direct pressure needed to tranfer the ink to the paper.

Post an example of an intaglio press.

What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred?or printmaking, image area it eched into the plate surface to hold the ink, ink is applied, then rubbed with a cloth to remove the excess. damp paper is placed on top. a press applies pressure to transfer the ink to the paper.
Post an example of a screen (porous) printing press.

What is porous printing and how is ink transferred?basic stencil process. image carrier is attached o a screen. ink is forced through open meash areas
Post an example of a lithography printing press.

What is lithography and how is ink transferred?or planographic, printing from a flat surface. drawing or artwork, is made on the plate with greasy ink or crayon. water is applied. when ink is spread on top, the greasy parts accept the ink, the wet parts to not.


Post an example of a offset lithography printing press.

What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?offset lithography
How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press?
very different
Describe four-color process printing using CMYK?
cyan, magenta, yellow, and black

The Codex and the Illuminated Manuscript | 1st century AD"

What were the drawbacks of the scroll?

they only allowed sequential usage 
Post an example of a codex.


What is a codex?
covered and bound collection of hand written pages
"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood". Why?
it had comicalness sturdiness and ease to reference
What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"?
random- one can go to any point to find information sequential-one must go through the scroll to find a certain passage
What were the advantages of using the codex?
codex was easier to organize in libraries because the title could be written on the spine
What helped spread the use of the codex?
the spread of christianity which adopted the format for the early bible
What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it?
parchment paper substance from animal skin such as sheep goats and cows hair and fat removed and skin was smoothed out hide was soaked in water calcium flour and salt were added skin was stretched out flattened and dried
What is vellum?
finner qualities of parchment paper from skin of young calves
Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex?
books
What led to a period of cultural and economical deterioration?
roman empire 
Post an example of an illuminated manuscript.


Who began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form?
monastic monks
What does "illumination" refer to? What was included in this ornamentation?
the borders illustrations and ornamentation added to each page initial of chapters or paragraphs painting in the margins borders and around the text
What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts?
natural quill pens were used for the highly intricate and detailed work
Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes?
because they took so long and were a lot of work and they monks made them
What is craftsmanship? Why is it important?
how hard and detailed you work on your work its important because the more craftsman ship you have the better your work will be 

The Greek Alphabet | 800 BC"

How did Greeks come in contact with the Phoenicians?

phoenician regularly travel to greece and established a trade
How was the Greek adaptation of the alphabet different from its predecessor?
the arraignment of the phoenician alphabet was much less suitable for greeks consonants were changed into vowels
Why is the Greek alphabet considered to be the world's first true alphabet?
its given rise to many other alphabets
Name several similarities and differences between the Greek and modern English alphabets?its had letters like ours yet it also has shapes Post an example of the Greek alphabet in visual form. 

"The Roman Alphabet | 7th century BC"

What was the basis of the Roman uppercase alphabet?
greek alphabet What were the purposes of the formal and informal styles of lettering?
formal-used for important manuscripts and documents informal- routine types of writing
Why is the Roman alphabet the most widely used and what contributions did it make?
it is more refined
From where did serifs originate?
carving of words into stone
When and where did lowercase, or minuscule, letters develop?
when stone men were carving so you could read it better
What is a ligature and why were they utilized?
writing aligned in rows Post an example of the Roman alphabet in visual form. 

assessment 15 research

this one i like it for its border and how it moves up to the p and how its not the same through out the edges 

i like how it fades off at the end and how some of the design is in the text 

i like the huge and the birds 

The Phoenician Alphabet 1050 BC

The Phoenician alphabet is based on what principle?

sign represents one spoken sound

Describe the shape of the letters and what tool created them? angular and straight
What two reasons made the Phoenician alphabet so successful?
the system contrasted with other scripts at the time the trading culture of the phoenician merchants spread the use of the alphabet
What long term effects on the social structures of civilizations did the Phoenicians have with the creation of their alphabet?
long term effect on social stucture that came contact with it first wide spread script allowed it to be used in multiple languages let common people learn how to write
Post an example of the Phoenician alphabet in visual form.

Hieroglyphics and the Egyptians 3,000 BC

In the sixth century BC, what three civilizations invaded Egypt?
persians greek and romansPost an example of the inside wall(s) of an Ancient Egyptian temple.
What was discovered on the inside of the temples?
carved and painted images on every wall and surface
Scholars believe that Ancient Egyptians were inspired and influenced by which written language?
cuneiform
What is the difference between logographic and alphabetic elements?
logograms are visual symbols representing ideas or objects alphabetic came later as the language evolved into demotic
The term Hieroglyphic derived from what two Greek words?
hiero and glyphic
What is a scribe?
school to learn how to read and write
Who else was trained to read and write? Why?
military leaders so they could communicate while in battle Post an example of hieroglyphics on papyrus.

What is papyrus and how was it made?
instructions on the walls for rituals for gods and goddesses substrate made from reeds native to egypt wet reeds are placed criss cross over each other flattened and dried then rubbed with flat stones until the surface becomes smooth 
What is a substrate?

What were the Books of the Dead?
instructions and spells to help the dead find their way to the after life 
How did Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics become a forgotten language?
all temples were closed under order Post an example of the Rosetta Stone.



What is the Rosetta Stone? Where was it discovered?
a fort in rosetta a stone that can decipher hieroglyphics
What three languages are included on the stone?
Egyptian hieroglyphics demotic and greek
Why couldn't the text on the Stone be deciphered?
a chunk of the stone was missing
Who finally deciphered the text? What was his breakthrough?
jean François Champollion when he was bale to match up the hieroglyphic symbols with the greek version of the name Egyptian pharoah ramses
Why does the interpretation of the Rosetta Stone have such significance?



 we now know a great deal about ancient egyptains